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Mapuche

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mapuche</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Traditional flag of the Mapuche</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Mapuche women from <a href="Tir%C3%BAa" title="Tirúa">Tirúa</a> in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">c. 1,890,930</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Chile</th><td class="infobox-data">1,745,147 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-2017census-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Argentina</th><td class="infobox-data">145,783 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Censo_2022-2">[2]</a> (<a href="Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></li><li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Traditional</a>, <a href="Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>, <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li>Core groups: <a href="Boroano_people" title="Boroano people">Boroano</a>, <a href="Cunco_people" title="Cunco people">Cunco</a>, <a href="Huilliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Huilliche">Huilliche</a>, Lafquenche, <a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a>, <a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a>, <a href="Promaucae" title="Promaucae">Promaucae</a></li>

<li>Araucanized groups: <a href="Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>, <a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a>, <a href="Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a>, <a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul>

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<table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">mapu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Mapuche</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Mapuche (/məˈpuːtʃi/ mə-POO-chee,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>Mapuche and Spanish: [maˈputʃe]), also known as Araucanians, are a group of <a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> inhabitants of south-central <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and southwestern <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, including parts of <a href="Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as <a href="Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> speakers. Their homelands once extended from <a href="Choapa_River" title="Choapa River">Choapa Valley</a> to the <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> and later spread eastward to <a href="Puelmapu" title="Puelmapu">Puelmapu</a>, a land comprising part of the <a href="Pampas" title="Pampas">Argentine pampa</a> and <a href="Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the Indigenous peoples in Chile and about 9% of the total Chilean population .The Mapuche are concentrated in the <a href="Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of <a href="Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> and <a href="Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> for economic opportunities, more than 92% of the Mapuches are from Chile.

The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a <a href="Lonko" title="Lonko">lonko</a> or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a <a href="Toqui" title="Toqui">toki</a> (meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its <a href="Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">textiles</a> and <a href="Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">silverwork</a>.

At the time of <a href="Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish arrival</a>, the <a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a> inhabited the valleys between the <a href="Choapa_River" title="Choapa River">Choapa</a> and <a href="Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata</a>, Araucanian Mapuche inhabited the valleys between the <a href="Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata</a> and <a href="Tolt%C3%A9n_River" title="Toltén River">Toltén</a> rivers, south of there, the <a href="Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a> and the <a href="Cunco_people" title="Cunco people">Cunco</a> lived as far south as the <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>. In the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the <a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and <a href="Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a>, conquering, fusing and establishing relationships with the <a href="Poya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poya (tribe)">Poya</a> and <a href="Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>. At about the same time, ethnic groups of the Pampa regions, the <a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a>, <a href="Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a>, and northern <a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Aonikenk</a>, made contact with Mapuche groups. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, in what came to be called <a href="Araucanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucanization">Araucanization</a>, during which Patagonia came under effective Mapuche suzerainty.

Mapuche in the Spanish-ruled areas, especially the <a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a>, mingled with the Spanish during the colonial period, forming a <a href="Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> population that lost its Indigenous identity. But Mapuche society in <a href="Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> and Patagonia remained independent until the late nineteenth century, when Chile <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">occupied Araucanía</a> and Argentina <a href="Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">conquered Puelmapu</a>. Since then the Mapuche have become subjects, and later nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Chilean communities are engaged in the so-called <a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a> over land and <a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> rights in both Argentina and Chile.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

Historically, the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as Araucanians (/ˌærɔːˈkeɪniənz/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ənz;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: araucanos). This term is now considered <a href="Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> by some people.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> For others, the importance of the term Araucanian lies in the universality of the epic work <a href="La_Araucana" title="La Araucana">La Araucana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> written by <a href="Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a>, and the feats of that people in their long and interminable war against the Spanish Empire. The name is probably derived from the placename rag ko (Spanish <a href="Arauco%2C_Chile" title="Arauco, Chile">Arauco</a>), meaning "chalky/clayish water".<a href="#cite_note-serindigena-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> word awqa, meaning "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of araucano.<a href="#cite_note-serindigena-7">[7]</a>

Scholars believe that the various Mapuche groups (<a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a>, Williche, Pikunche, etc.) called themselves Reche during the early Spanish colonial period, due to what they referred to as their pure native blood, derived from re meaning "pure" and che meaning "people".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The name Mapuche is used both to refer collectively to the Pikunche, Williche, and <a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche or Nguluche</a> from <a href="Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a>, at other times, exclusively to the Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía. However, Mapuche is a relatively recent endonym meaning "People of the Earth" or "Children of the Land", with mapu meaning "earth" or "land", and che meaning "person". It is preferred as a term when referring to the people after the Arauco War.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

The Mapuche identify by the geography of their territories, such as:

<ul><li><a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Pwelche</a> (also Hispanicized as Puelche): "people of the east" occupied Pwel mapu or Puel mapu, the eastern lands (Pampa and Patagonia of Argentina).</li>

<li><a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Pikunche</a> (also Hispanicized as Picunche): "people of the north" occupied Pikun-mapu, the "northern lands".</li>

<li><a href="Huilliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Huilliche">Williche</a> (also Hispanicized as Huilliche): "people of the south" occupied Willi mapu, the "southern lands".</li>

<li><a href="Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pewenche</a> (also Hispanicized as Pehuenche): "people of the pewen (<a href="Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Araucaria araucana</a>)" occupied Pewen mapu, "the land of the pewen".</li>

<li>Lafkenche: "people of the sea" occupied Lafken mapu, "the land of the sea"; also known as Coastal Mapuche.</li>

<li>Nagche: "people of the plains" occupied Nag mapu, "the land of the plains" (located in sectors of the <a href="Cordillera_de_Nahuelbuta" title="Cordillera de Nahuelbuta">Cordillera de Nahuelbuta</a> and the low zones bordering it). Its epic and literary name is Araucanians and its old autochthonous name is Reche.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The ancient Mapuche <a href="Toqui" title="Toqui">Toqui</a> ("axe-bearer") like Lef-Traru ("swift hawk", better known as <a href="Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>), Kallfülikan ("blue quartz stone", better known as <a href="Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> – "polished flint") or Pelontraru ("Shining Caracara", better known as <a href="Pelantaro" title="Pelantaro">Pelantaro</a>) were Nagche.</li>

<li>Wenteche: "people of the valleys" occupied Wente mapu, "the land of the valleys".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche history</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_period">Pre-Columbian period</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin of the Mapuche</a> and <a href="Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Incas in Central Chile</a></div>

Archaeological finds have shown that Mapuche culture existed in Chile and Argentina as early as 600 to 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoaorigen-13">[13]</a> Genetically the Mapuche differ from the adjacent Indigenous peoples of Patagonia.<a href="#cite_note-Rey2013-14">[14]</a> This suggests a "different origin or long-lasting separation of Mapuche and Patagonian populations".<a href="#cite_note-Rey2013-14">[14]</a>

Troops of the <a href="Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> are reported to have reached the <a href="Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a> and had <a href="Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">a battle</a> with the Mapuche between the Maule and the <a href="Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata Rivers</a> there.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo37-38-15">[15]</a> The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to have been situated between <a href="Santiago%2C_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a> and the <a href="Maipo_River" title="Maipo River">Maipo River</a>, or somewhere between Santiago and the Maule River.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay1988-16">[16]</a> Thus the bulk of the Mapuche escaped Inca rule. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state organizations</a>. Their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo40-17">[17]</a>

At the time of the arrival of the first Spaniards to Chile, the largest Indigenous population concentration was in the area spanning from the <a href="Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata River</a> to <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Island" title="Chiloé Island">Chiloé Island</a> – that is the Mapuche heartland.<a href="#cite_note-Oteropop-18">[18]</a> The Mapuche population between Itata River and <a href="Reloncav%C3%AD_Sound" title="Reloncaví Sound">Reloncaví Sound</a> has been estimated at 705,000–900,000 in the mid-sixteenth century by historian <a href="Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo157-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arauco_War">Arauco War</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></div>

The Spanish expansion into Mapuche territory was an offshoot of the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villalobos91-93-21">[20]</a> In 1536, <a href="Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> set out to conquer Chile, after crossing the Itata River they were intercepted by a numerous contingent of Araucanian Mapuche armed with many bows and pikes in the <a href="Battle_of_Reynog%C3%BCel%C3%A9n_(1536)" title="Battle of Reynogüelén (1536)">Battle of Reynogüelén</a>. Discouraged by the ferocity of the Mapuches, and the apparent lack of gold and silver in these lands, Almagro decided its full retreat the following year to Peru. In 1541, <a href="Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> reached Chile from <a href="Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> and founded <a href="Santiago%2C_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villalobos96-97-22">[21]</a> The northern Mapuche tribes, known as <a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunches</a> had recently gained independence from Inca rule, being commanded by <a href="Michimalonco" title="Michimalonco">Michimalonco</a>, who had defeated the Inca governor Quilicanta. It would be the same Michimalonco who would lead the Picunche resistance against the Spanish between 1541 and 1545. His most famous achievement is the <a href="Destruction_of_Santiago" title="Destruction of Santiago">Destruction of Santiago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo250-251-23">[22]</a>

In 1550, Pedro de Valdivia, who aimed to control all of Chile to the <a href="Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a>, campaigned in <a href="Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">south-central Chile</a> to conquer more Mapuche controlled territory.<a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24">[23]</a> Between 1550 and 1553, the Spanish founded several cities<a href="#cite_note-26">[note 2]</a> in Mapuche lands including <a href="Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="Carahue" title="Carahue">Imperial</a>, <a href="Villarrica%2C_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">Villarrica</a>, and <a href="Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24">[23]</a> The Spanish also established the forts of <a href="Arauco%2C_Chile" title="Arauco, Chile">Arauco</a>, <a href="Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a>, and <a href="Ca%C3%B1ete%2C_Chile" title="Cañete, Chile">Tucapel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-villalobos98-99-24">[23]</a> Further efforts by the Spanish to gain more territory engaged them in the <a href="Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> against the Mapuche, a sporadic conflict that lasted nearly 350 years. Hostility towards the conquerors was compounded by the lack of a tradition of <a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> akin to the Inca <a href="Mit'a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a> among the Mapuche, who largely refused to serve the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-27">[25]</a>

From their establishment in 1550 to 1598, the Mapuche frequently laid siege to Spanish settlements in <a href="Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-25">[24]</a> In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which they resolved to make war. They chose as their "<a href="Toqui" title="Toqui">toqui</a>" (wartime chief) a strong man called <a href="Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> and as his vice toqui <a href="Lautaro_(toqui)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautaro (toqui)">Lautaro</a>, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; he created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at <a href="Tucapel" title="Tucapel">Tucapel</a>. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded. He and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the <a href="Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Battle of Tucapel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> In 1554 Lautaro went to destroy Concepción where in the <a href="Battle_of_Marihue%C3%B1u" title="Battle of Marihueñu">Battle of Marihueñu</a> he defeated <a href="Francisco_de_Villagra" title="Francisco de Villagra">Governor Villagra</a> and devastated the city. In 1555 Lautaro went to the city of <a href="Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> and destroyed it, he also returned to Concepción, rebuilt by the Spanish and destroyed it again. In 1557 Lautaro headed with his army to destroy Santiago, fighting numerous battles with the Spanish along the way, but he and his army were devastated in the <a href="Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Battle of Mataquito</a>.

From 1558 to 1598 war was mostly a <a href="Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2007p335-29">[27]</a> Mapuche numbers decreased significantly following contact with the Spanish conquerors and settlers; wars and <a href="Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> decimated the population.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo250-251-23">[22]</a> Others died in Spanish-owned gold mines.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-27">[25]</a>

In 1598 a party of warriors from <a href="Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a> led by <a href="Pelantaro" title="Pelantaro">Pelantaro</a>, who were returning south from a raid in the <a href="Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> area, ambushed Governor <a href="Mart%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%93%C3%B1ez_de_Loyola" title="Martín García Óñez de Loyola">Martín García Óñez de Loyola</a> and his troops in the Battle of Curalaba<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo320-321-30">[28]</a> while they rested without taking any precautions against attack. Almost all the Spaniards died, save a cleric named Bartolomé Pérez, who was taken prisoner, and a soldier named Bernardo de Pereda. Led by Pelantaro the Mapuche then initiated a general uprising that destroyed all the cities in their homeland south of the Biobío River.

In the years following the <a href="Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Battle of Curalaba</a>, a general uprising developed among the Mapuches and Huilliches led to the <a href="Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">Destruction of the Seven Cities</a>. The Spanish cities of Angol, Imperial, <a href="Osorno%2C_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, <a href="Santa_Cruz_de_O%C3%B1ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz de Oñez">Santa Cruz de Oñez</a>, <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, and Villarrica were either destroyed or abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Villaloboes109-31">[29]</a> The city of Castro was taken by a Dutch-Mapuche alliance in 1599, but reconquered by the Spanish in 1600. Only <a href="Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> and Concepción resisted Mapuche sieges and raids.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo324-325-32">[30]</a> Except for the <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, all Chilean territory south of the Bíobío River was freed from Spanish rule.<a href="#cite_note-Villaloboes109-31">[29]</a> Despite continued Spanish attempts to reconquer the territories south of the Biobio River, the border remained stable during the centuries in which the Spanish reigned in South America. In this period the Mapuche Nation crossed the Andes to conquer the present Argentine provinces of Chubut, Neuquen, La Pampa, Buenos Aires and Río Negro. Historians disagree over the time period during which the expansion took place, but estimate it occurred roughly between 1550 and 1850.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation_into_Chile_and_Argentina">Incorporation into Chile and Argentina</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> and <a href="Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></div>

In the nineteenth century, Argentina and Chile experienced a fast territorial expansion. Argentina established a colony at the <a href="Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> in 1820, settled Chubut with <a href="Welsh_settlement_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh settlement in Argentina">Welsh immigrants</a> in 1865 and <a href="Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">conquered Formosa, Misiones and Chaco from Paraguay</a> in 1870. Later Argentina would also annex the <a href="Puna_de_Atacama" title="Puna de Atacama">Puna de Atacama</a> in 1898. Chile on the other hand, established <a href="Chilean_colonization_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan">a colony at the Strait of Magellan</a> in 1843, settled <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="Osorno%2C_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, and <a href="Llanquihue_Lake" title="Llanquihue Lake">Llanquihue</a> <a href="German_colonization_of_Valdivia%2C_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">with German immigrants</a>, and <a href="War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">conquered land from Peru and Bolivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLfuertebulnes-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Later Chile would also annex <a href="Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLRapanui-36">[34]</a> In this context, Mapuche controlled territory began to be conquered by Argentina and Chile due to two reasons. First, the Argentinean and Chilean states aimed for territorial continuity,<a href="#cite_note-PintoR194-37">[35]</a> and second it remained the sole place for Argentinean livestock to expand and <a href="Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Chilean agriculture</a> to expand.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa156-38">[36]</a>

Between 1861 and 1879 Argentina and Chile incorporated several Mapuche territories to their controlled territory. In January 1881, having Chile decisively defeated Peru in the <a href="Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">battles of Chorrillos</a> and <a href="Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a>, Chile and Argentina resumed the conquest of Mapuche controlled lands.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-41">[39]</a>

The conquest of <a href="Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> caused numerous Mapuches to be displaced and forced to roam in search of shelter and food.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-42">[40]</a> Scholar Pablo Miramán claims the introduction of state education during the <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> had detrimental effects on traditional Mapuche education.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR205-43">[41]</a> Chile finally achieved the occupation and integration of the territories south of the Biobío River in 1884 when the last communities surrendered, and the cities of <a href="Villarrica%2C_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">Villarrica</a> and previously <a href="Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> were reestablished.<a href="#cite_note-Angol-44">[42]</a> Schools,<a href="#cite_note-Escuela-45">[43]</a> cities, and legal systems were established, incorporating inhabitants into the national framework.

The <a href="Rural-to-urban_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural-to-urban migration">rural-to-urban migration</a> of the Mapuche people in the 20th century<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> can be divided into two main stages: economic migration, which intensified from the 1920s and peaked in the 1950s and 1960s, and political migration following the 1973 coup. Economic migration initially responded to the need for jobs in cities, such as Santiago, where Mapuche arrived in the 1920s to work in bakeries<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and formed organizations like the "Sociedad Galvarino." This migration flow was accentuated by industrial growth and the lack of rural opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> By 1961, it was estimated that up to 25% of the Mapuche population lived outside traditional communities, though data was incomplete, and censuses did not differentiate between Mapuche and non-Mapuche citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Migraciones-51">[49]</a>

Despite its impact, statistics on Mapuche rural-to-urban migration have historically been insufficient, marked by integrationist policies that did not account for their Indigenous identity but treated them as citizens. Forced community divisions under laws such as the 1931 Decree with Force of Law No. 266 and the record-breaking divisions under Decree-Law No. 2568 of 1979 contributed to land fragmentation and forced migration to cities. In the 1952 census, only 875 Mapuche were recorded in Santiago, a figure significantly lower than independent estimates, such as Domingo Curaqueo's, which identified 10 000 Mapuche over the age of 21 in the same province.<a href="#cite_note-Migraciones-51">[49]</a>

In the years following the occupation the economy of Araucanía changed from being based on sheep and cattle herding to one based on <a href="Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">agriculture</a> and <a href="Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">wood extraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto-52">[50]</a> About 70% of the Mapuche Territory left in the hands of Argentina, the loss of land by Mapuches following the occupation caused severe <a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> since Mapuches continued to practice a massive livestock herding in limited areas.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa262-263-53">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_political_conflict_(1990–present)">Modern political conflict (1990–present)</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Ralco_Hydroelectric_Plant" title="Ralco Hydroelectric Plant">Ralco Hydroelectric Plant</a></div>

The term "<a href="Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Wallmapu</a>" began to gain widespread use outside Mapudungun-speaking communities after the <a href="Council_of_All_Lands" title="Council of All Lands">Council of All Lands</a> adopted its Mapudungun name, Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam, upon the organization's founding in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> It arose in response to what Indigenous movements describe as "repression" and the perceived disregard of land deeds (Títulos de Merced).<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed1-56">[54]</a> This was accompanied by a wave of Mapuche migration from the south-central region to major Chilean cities during the <a href="Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Chilean military dictatorship</a> and before.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The council was notable for engaging in <a href="Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> and adopting political stances opposing the Chilean state's interests in the region, particularly regarding demands for "ancestral land recovery" and "political territorial autonomy for the Mapuche people." This movement also included the creation of the <a href="Wenufoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenufoye">Wenufoye</a> national Mapuche flag in 1992, along with five additional flags representing key Mapuche territories in southern Chile.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Since 2005, the term has also been promoted by the Mapuche nationalist party <a href="Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a>.

The Chilean historian Cristóbal García Huidobro states that: "the terminology ‘Wallmapu’ is not a relatively old one, but rather a newer one. It arises, as far as it has been understood, from a revisionist movement, at the beginning of the 1990s (...) they make a re-study and a revisionism of the identity, of the language, as well as of the symbols that would represent the Mapuche people (...) it is not a historical question as such, it does not come from the ancestral culture of the Mapuche people who never perceived their territory as a particularly defined place".<a href="#cite_note-T13-59">[57]</a> The term means "Universe" ancestraly in the <a href="Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>

The construction of the <a href="Ralco_Hydroelectric_Plant" title="Ralco Hydroelectric Plant">Ralco Hydroelectric Plant</a>, which displaced Indigenous burial sites, was a breaking point in state-Mapuche relations, contributing to the formation of the <a href="Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> (CAM) in December 1997 following the burning of three trucks belonging to Forestal Arauco. This first attack marks the beginning of the period of violence in the Southern Macrozone of Chile and a turning point in the development of the Mapuche autonomist political movement.<a href="#cite_note-P23-61">[59]</a> Since then, violence has progressively increased and expanded to the neighboring regions of <a href="Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío</a> and <a href="Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20a-62">[60]</a>

Land disputes and violent confrontations continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the Araucanía region between and around <a href="Traigu%C3%A9n" title="Traiguén">Traiguén</a> and <a href="Lumaco" title="Lumaco">Lumaco</a>. In 2003, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatments issued a report to defuse tensions calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its Indigenous people, more than 80% of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for Indigenous peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identities.

Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the economy of Araucanía (Ngulu Mapu), the two chief forestry companies are Chilean-owned. In the past, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of hectares with non-native species such as <a href="Monterey_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey pine">Monterey pine</a>, <a href="Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas firs</a>, and <a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> trees, sometimes replacing native <a href="Valdivian_temperate_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivian temperate rain forest">Valdivian forests</a>, although such substitution and replacement is now forgotten.

Chile exports wood to the United States, almost all of which comes from this southern region, with an annual value of around $600 million. <a href="Stand.earth" title="Stand.earth">Stand.earth</a>, a conservation group, has led an international campaign for preservation, resulting in the <a href="Home_Depot" title="Home Depot">Home Depot</a> chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile". Some Mapuche leaders want stronger protections for the forests.

In recent years, the crimes committed by Mapuche armed insurgents have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation, originally introduced by the <a href="Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship</a> of <a href="Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> to control political dissidents. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Insurgent groups, such as the <a href="Coordinadora_Arauco_Malleco" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinadora Arauco Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco Malleco</a>, use multiple tactics with the more extreme occurrences such as the burning of homes, churches, vehicles, structures, and pastures, which at times included causing deaths and threats to specific targets. As of 2005, protesters from Mapuche communities have used these tactics against properties of both multinational forestry corporations and private individuals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In 2010 the Mapuche launched many hunger strikes in attempts to effect change in the anti-terrorism legislation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a>

As of 2019, the Chilean government committed human rights abuses against the Mapuche based on Israeli military techniques and surveillance according to the French website Orin21.<a href="#cite_note-Independent_2019-11-11-66">[64]</a>

In May 2022, the <a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies of Chile</a> declared the Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco, Resistencia Mapuche Malleco, Resistencia Mapuche Lafkenche, and <a href="Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichán Auka Mapu</a> as "illegal terrorist organizations".<a href="#cite_note-CamaraCAM2022-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-CooperativaCAM2022-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-LTCAM2022-69">[67]</a>

Oil exploitation and fracking in the <a href="Vaca_Muerta" title="Vaca Muerta">Vaca Muerta</a> site in Neuquen, one of the biggest shale-oil and shale-gas deposits in the world, has produced waste dumps of sludge waste, polluting the environment close to the town of <a href="A%C3%B1elo" title="Añelo">Añelo</a>, which is about 1,200 km south of Buenos Aires. In 2018, the Mapuche were suing Exxon, French company <a href="TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> and <a href="Pan_American_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Energy">Pan American Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-batimes-70">[68]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche organized and constructed a network of forts and defensive buildings. Ancient Mapuche also built ceremonial constructions such as some earthwork <a href="Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> discovered near Purén.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Mapuche quickly adopted <a href="Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="Metal-working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-working">metal-working</a> (<a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunches</a> already worked <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a>) Mapuche learned <a href="Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">horse riding</a> and the use of <a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> in war from the <a href="Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, along with the cultivation of <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>.

In the 300-year co-existence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with Spaniards, Argentines, and Chileans. Such trade lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for Mapuche wrought their jewelry from the large and widely dispersed quantity of Spanish, Argentine, and Chilean silver coins. Mapuche also made headdresses with <a href="Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, which were called trarilonko, etc.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuche_languages">Mapuche languages</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a></div>

Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are <a href="Huillice_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Huillice language">Huilliche</a> and <a href="Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a>. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from <a href="Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía, and Los Lagos Regions.

Mapuche speakers of <a href="Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean Spanish</a> who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more <a href="One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">impersonal pronouns</a> when speaking Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology_and_beliefs">Cosmology and beliefs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche religion</a></div>

Central to Mapuche cosmology is the idea of a creator called ngenechen, who is embodied in four components: an older man (fucha/futra/cha chau), an older woman (kude/kuse), a young man, and a young woman. They believe in worlds known as the Wenu Mapu and Minche Mapu. Also, Mapuche cosmology is informed by complex notions of spirits that coexist with humans and animals in the natural world, and daily circumstances can dictate spiritual practices.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a>

The most well-known Mapuche ritual ceremony is the Ngillatun, which loosely translates as "to pray" or "general prayer". These ceremonies are often major communal events that are of extreme spiritual and social importance. Many other ceremonies are practiced, and not all are for public or communal participation but are sometimes limited to family.

The main groups of deities and/or spirits in Mapuche mythology are the <a href="Pillan" title="Pillan">Pillan</a> and Wangulen (ancestral spirits), the <a href="Ngen" title="Ngen">Ngen</a> (spirits in nature), and the <a href="Wekufe" title="Wekufe">wekufe</a> (evil spirits).

Central to Mapuche <a href="Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> is the role of the <a href="Machi_(Shaman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machi (Shaman)">machi</a> (shaman). It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of <a href="Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>. The machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions, and <a href="Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">dreamwork</a>. Machis often have extensive knowledge of regional <a href="Medicinal_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herbs">medicinal herbs</a>. As biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined, but the Mapuche people are reviving it in their communities. Machis have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and sacred animals.

Like many cultures, the Mapuche have a <a href="Deluge_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge myth">deluge myth</a> (epeu) of a major flood in which the world is destroyed and recreated. The myth involves two opposing forces: Kai Kai (water, which brings death through floods) and Tren Tren (dry earth, which brings sunshine). In the deluge almost all humanity is drowned; the few not drowned survive through <a href="Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. At last, only one couple is left. A machi tells them that they must give their only child to the waters, which they do, and this restores order to the world.

Part of the Mapuche ritual is prayer and animal sacrifice, required to maintain the cosmic balance. This belief has continued to current times. In 1960, for example, a machi sacrificed a young boy, throwing him into the water after an <a href="1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">earthquake and a tsunami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a>

The Mapuche have incorporated the remembered history of their long independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans and Argentines) and of the treaty with the Chilean and Argentine governments in the 1870s. Memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche. At the same time, a large majority of Mapuche in Chile identify with the state as Chilean, similar to a large majority in Argentina identifying as Argentines.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Paleoethnobotany_of_the_Mapuche" title="Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche">Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies_and_traditions">Ceremonies and traditions</h3></div>

<a href="We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a> is the Mapuche <a href="New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> celebration.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche textiles</a></div>

One of the best-known arts of the Mapuche is their <a href="Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>. The oldest data on textiles in the southernmost areas of the American continent (southern Chile and Argentina today) are found in some <a href="Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> excavations, such as those of Pitrén Cemetery near the city of <a href="Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a>, and the Alboyanco site in the <a href="Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío Region</a>, both of Chile; and the Rebolledo Arriba Cemetery in <a href="Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province" title="Neuquén Province">Neuquén Province</a> (Argentina). researchers have found evidence of fabrics made with complex techniques and designs, dated between AD 1300–1350.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a>

The Mapuche women were responsible for spinning and weaving. Knowledge of both weaving techniques and textile patterns particular to the locality was usually transmitted within the family, with mothers, grandmothers, and aunts teaching a girl the skills they had learned from their elders. Women who excelled in the textile arts were highly honored for their accomplishments and contributed economically and culturally to their kinship group. A measure of the importance of weaving is evident in the expectation that a man gives a larger <a href="Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> for a bride who was an accomplished weaver.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-79">[77]</a>

In addition, the Mapuche used their textiles as an important surplus and an exchange trading good. Numerous sixteenth-century accounts describe their bartering the textiles with other Indigenous peoples, and with colonists in newly developed settlements. Such trading enabled the Mapuche to obtain those goods that they did not produce or held in high esteem, such as horses. Tissue volumes made by Aboriginal women and marketed in the Araucanía and the north of Patagonia Argentina were considerable and constituted a vital economic resource for Indigenous families.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The production of fabrics in the time before European settlement was intended for uses beyond domestic consumption.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a>

At present, the fabrics woven by the Mapuche continue to be used for domestic purposes, as well as for gift, sale, or barter. Most Mapuche women and their families now wear garments with foreign designs and tailored with materials of industrial origin, but they continue to weave ponchos, blankets, bands, and belts for regular use. Many of the fabrics are woven for trade, and in many cases, are an important source of income for families.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Glazed pots are used to dye the wool.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Many Mapuche women continue to weave fabrics according to the customs of their ancestors and transmit their knowledge in the same way: within domestic life, from mother to daughter, and from grandmothers to granddaughters. This form of learning is based on gestural imitation, and only rarely, and when strictly necessary, the apprentice receives explicit instructions or help from their instructors. Knowledge is transmitted as the fabric is woven, the weaving and transmission of knowledge go together.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-79">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clava_hand-club">Clava hand-club</h3></div>

There is a traditional stone hand club used by the Mapuche which has been called a clava (Spanish for club). It has a long flat body. Another name is clava mere okewa; in Spanish, it may also be called a clava cefalomorfa. It has some ritual importance as a special sign of distinction carried by tribal chiefs. Many kinds of clubs are known.

This is an object associated with masculine power. It consists of a disk with an attached handle; the edge of the disc usually has a semicircular recess. In many cases, the face portrayed on the disc carries incised designs. The handle is cylindrical, generally with a larger diameter at its connection to the disk.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silverwork">Silverwork</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Mapuche silverwork</a></div>

In the later half of the eighteenth century, Mapuche <a href="Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmiths</a> began to produce large amounts of silver finery.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a> The surge of silversmithing activity may be related to the <a href="1726_parliament_of_Negrete" class="mw-redirect" title="1726 parliament of Negrete">1726 parliament of Negrete</a> that decreased hostilities between Spaniards and Mapuches and allowed trade to increase between colonial Chile and the free Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a> In this context of increasing trade Mapuches began in the late eighteenth century to accept payments in <a href="Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> for their products, usually cattle or horses.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a> These coins and silver coins obtained in political negotiations served as raw material for Mapuche metalsmiths (<a href="Mapudungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun language">Mapudungun</a>: rüxafe).<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-88">[86]</a> Old Mapuche silver <a href="Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> often included unmelted silver coins, something that has helped modern researchers to date the objects.<a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-87">[85]</a> The bulk of the Spanish silver coins originated from mining in <a href="Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in <a href="Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-88">[86]</a>

The great diversity in silver finery designs is because designs were made to be identified with different reynma (families), lof mapu (lands) as well as specific <a href="Lonko" title="Lonko">lonkos</a> and <a href="Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">machis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-89">[87]</a> Mapuche silver finery was also subject to changes in <a href="Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> albeit designs associated with philosophical and spiritual concepts have not undergone major changes.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-89">[87]</a>

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Mapuche silversmithing activity and artistic diversity reached its climax.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura30-90">[88]</a> All important Mapuche chiefs of the nineteenth century are supposed to have had at least one silversmith.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a> By 1984 Mapuche scholar Carlos Aldunate noted that there were no silversmiths alive among contemporary Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-86">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div>

The Mapuche culture of the sixteenth century had an <a href="Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> and lacked a writing system. Since that time, a writing system for Mapudungun was developed, and Mapuche writings in both <a href="Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Spanish</a> and <a href="Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> have flourished.<a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-91">[89]</a> Contemporary Mapuche literature can be said to be composed of an oral tradition and Spanish-Mapudungun bilingual writings.<a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-91">[89]</a> Notable Mapuche <a href="Poet" title="Poet">poets</a> include Sebastián Queupul, Pedro Alonzo, <a href="Elicura_Chihuailaf" title="Elicura Chihuailaf">Elicura Chihuailaf</a>, and Leonel Lienlaf.<a href="#cite_note-Carrasco-91">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cogender_views">Cogender views</h3></div>

Among the Mapuche in La Araucanía, in addition to heterosexual female machi shamanesses, there are homosexual male machi weye shamans, who wear female clothing.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> These machi weye were first described in Spanish in a chronicle of 1673.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Among the Mapuche, "the spirits are interested in machi's gendered discourses and performances, not in the sex under the machi's clothes".<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In attracting the filew (possessing spirit), "Both male and female machi become spiritual brides who seduce and call their filew – at once husband and master – to possess their heads ... The ritual transvestism of male machi ... draws attention to the relational gender categories of spirit husband and machi wife as a couple (kurewen)."<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> As concerning "co-gendered identities"<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> of "machi as co-gender specialists",<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> it has been speculated that "female <a href="Berdaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdaches">berdaches</a>" may have formerly existed among the Mapuche.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state">Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state</h2></div>

Following the independence of Chile in the 1810s, the Mapuche began to be perceived as Chilean by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as a separate people or nation.<a href="#cite_note-Foerster-101">[99]</a> However, not everybody agreed; 19th-century Argentine writer and president <a href="Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> presented his view of the Mapuche-Chile relation by stating:<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Between two Chilean provinces (<a href="Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> and <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>) there is a piece of land that is not a province, its language is different, it is inhabited by other people and it can still be said that it is not part of Chile. Yes, Chile is the name of the country over where its flag waves and its laws are obeyed.</blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilizing_mission_discourses_and_scientific_racism">Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism</h3></div>

The events surrounding the <a href="Joven_Daniel" title="Joven Daniel">wreck of Joven Daniel</a> at the coast of Araucanía in 1849 are considered an "inflection point" or "point of no return" in the relations between Mapuches and the Chilean state.<a href="#cite_note-Munoz2010-103">[101]</a> It cemented views of Mapuches as brutal barbarians and showed in the view of many that Chilean authorities' earlier goodwill was naive.<a href="#cite_note-Munoz2010-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-104">[102]</a>

There are various recorded instances in the nineteenth century when Mapuches were the subject of <a href="Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a> discourses by elements of the Chilean government and military. For example, <a href="Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a> called in 1861 for Mapuches to submit to Chilean state authority and "enter into reduction and civilization".<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando398-402-105">[103]</a> When the Mapuches were <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">finally defeated in 1883</a> President <a href="Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">Domingo Santa María</a> declared:<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando583-106">[104]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">The country has with satisfaction seen the problem of the reduction of the whole Araucanía solved. This event, so important to our social and political life, and so significant for the future of the republic, has ended, happily and with costly and painful sacrifices. Today the whole Araucanía is subjugated, more than to the material forces, to the moral and civilizing force of the republic ...</blockquote>

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</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;">

The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a mestizo race made of Spanish <a href="Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> and the Araucanian ...

</blockquote>

<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a> in La raza chilena, p. 34.</cite></div>

</div>

After the <a href="War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> It was in this context that Chilean physician <a href="Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a> hailed the Mapuche "race" arguing from a <a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a> and nationalist point of view. He considered the Mapuche superior to other tribes and the Chilean <a href="Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> a blend of Mapuches and <a href="Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> elements from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The writings of Palacios became later influential among <a href="Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chilean Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a>

As a result of the <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> (1861–1883) and the War of the Pacific, Chile had incorporated territories with new Indigenous populations. Mapuches obtained relatively favourable views as "primordial" Chileans contrasting with other Indigenous peoples like the <a href="Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> who were perceived as "foreign elements".<a href="#cite_note-Vergara-110">[108]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_attitudes">Contemporary attitudes</h3></div>

Since some four years ago a History of the Civilization in Araucanía has been published in the said <a href="Anales_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile" title="Anales de la Universidad de Chile">Anales</a> in which our indigenous ancestors are treated like savages, cruel, depraved, lacking morals, lacking warrior skills ...

</blockquote>

</div>

Contemporary attitudes towards Mapuches on the part of non-Indigenous people in Chile are highly individual and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a considerable part of the non-Indigenous people in Chile have a prejudiced and discriminatory attitude towards Mapuche. In a 2003 study, it was found that among the sample, 41% of people over 60 years old, 35% of people of low <a href="Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> standing, 35% of the supporters of right-wing parties, 36% of Protestants, and 26% of Catholics were prejudiced against Indigenous peoples in Chile. In contrast, only 8% of those who attended university, 16% of supporters of left-wing parties, and 19% of people aged 18–29 were prejudiced.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Specific prejudices about the Mapuche are that the Mapuches are lazy and alcoholic; to some lesser degree, Mapuche are sometimes judged antiquated and dirty.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a>

In the 20th century, many Mapuche women migrated to large cities to work as <a href="Domestic_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic workers">domestic workers</a> (<a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: nanas mapuches). In Santiago, many of these women settled in <a href="Cerro_Navia" title="Cerro Navia">Cerro Navia</a> and <a href="La_Pintana" title="La Pintana">La Pintana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Serena2010-113">[111]</a> Sociologist <a href="%C3%89ric_Fassin" title="Éric Fassin">Éric Fassin</a> has called the occurrence of Mapuche domestic workers a continuation of <a href="Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial relations</a> of servitude.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a>

Historian <a href="Gonzalo_Vial_Correa" title="Gonzalo Vial Correa">Gonzalo Vial</a> claimed that the Republic of Chile owes a "historical debt" to the Mapuche. The <a href="Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> claims to have the goal of a "national liberation" of Mapuche, with their regaining sovereignty over their lands.<a href="#cite_note-Foerster-101">[99]</a> Reportedly there is a tendency among female Mapuche activists to reject <a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> as they consider their struggle to go beyond gender.<a href="#cite_note-Serena2010-113">[111]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapuches_and_the_Argentine_state">Mapuches and the Argentine state</h2></div>

19th-century Argentine authorities aiming to incorporate the Pampas and Patagonia into national territory recognized the <a href="Puelmapu" title="Puelmapu">Puelmapu</a> Mapuche's strong connections with Chile. This gave Chile a certain influence over the Pampas. Argentine authorities feared that in an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia, Mapuches would align themselves with Chile.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In this context, <a href="Estanislao_Zeballos" title="Estanislao Zeballos">Estanislao Zeballos</a> published the work La Conquista de quince mil leguas (The Fifteen Thousand League Conquest) in 1878, which had been commissioned by the Argentine Ministry of War. In La Conquista de quince mil leguas Mapuches were presented as Chileans who were bound to return to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-116">[114]</a> Mapuches were thus indirectly considered foreign enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-116">[114]</a> Such a notion fitted well with the expansionist designs of <a href="Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a> and <a href="Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> for Puelmapu.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-116">[114]</a> The notion of Mapuches as Chileans is however an anachronism as Mapuches precede the formation of the modern state of Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-116">[114]</a> By 1920 Argentine <a href="Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a> revived the idea of Mapuches being Chileans, in strong contrast with 20th-century scholars based in Chile such as <a href="Ricardo_E._Latcham" title="Ricardo E. Latcham">Ricardo E. Latcham</a> and <a href="Francisco_Antonio_Encina" title="Francisco Antonio Encina">Francisco Antonio Encina</a> who advanced a theory that <a href="Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Mapuches originated east of the Andes</a> before penetrating what came to be Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoaorigen-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2020-116">[114]</a>

As late as 2017 Argentine historian Roberto E. Porcel wrote in a communiqué to the <a href="National_Academy_of_History" title="National Academy of History">National Academy of History</a> that those who often claim to be Mapuches in Argentina would be rather <a href="Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, emboldened by European-descent supporters, who "lack any right for their claims and violence, not only for NOT being most of them Araucanians [sic], but also because they [the Araucanians] do not rank among our indigenous peoples".<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_politics">Modern politics</h2></div>

In the 1935 local elections, <a href="Herminia_Aburto_Colihueque" title="Herminia Aburto Colihueque">Herminia Aburto Colihueque</a> was the first Mapuche woman to run for public office, although was not elected.<a href="#cite_note-gob-118">[116]</a>

In the <a href="2017_Chilean_general_election" title="2017 Chilean general election">2017 Chilean general election</a>, the first two Mapuche women were elected to the <a href="Chilean_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Congress">Chilean Congress</a>; <a href="Aracely_Leuqu%C3%A9n_Uribe" title="Aracely Leuquén Uribe">Aracely Leuquén Uribe</a> from <a href="National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a> and <a href="Emilia_Nuyado" title="Emilia Nuyado">Emilia Nuyado</a> from the <a href="Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<ul><li>In 1950, the soccer club <a href="Colo-Colo" title="Colo-Colo">Colo-Colo</a> adopted the mapuche leader <a href="Colocolo_(tribal_chief)" title="Colocolo (tribal chief)">Colocolo</a> as their logo. The club has a deep connection with the mapuche culture, been nicknamed "El Cacique" because of <a href="Cacique" title="Cacique">Cacique</a>, a name for indigenous leaders.</li>

<li>In 2002, a species of Argentinian lizard, <a href="Liolaemus_mapuche" title="Liolaemus mapuche">Liolaemus mapuche</a>, was named in honor of the Mapuche people.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a>: 167 </li>

<li>In 2012, renowned Mapuche weaver <a href="Anita_Paillamil" title="Anita Paillamil">Anita Paillamil</a> collaborated with <a href="Chileans" title="Chileans">Chilean</a> artist Guillermo Bert to create "Encoded Textiles," an exhibit that combined traditional mapuche <a href="Weaving" title="Weaving">textile weaving</a> with <a href="QR_code" title="QR code">QR Code</a> designs.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></li>

<li>The 2020 Chilean-Brazilian animated film <a href="Nahuel_and_the_Magic_Book" title="Nahuel and the Magic Book">Nahuel and the Magic Book</a> features major characters, Fresia and Huenchur who represent her clothing attire and her tribe.</li>

<li>The <a href="4X" title="4X">4X</a> video game <a href="Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a> features the Mapuche as a playable civilization (added in the Rise and Fall expansion). Their leader is <a href="Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>, a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the Indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running ArauIsab.</li>

<li>The novel "<a href="In%C3%A9s_of_My_Soul" title="Inés of My Soul">Inés of My Soul</a>" by <a href="Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> features the conquest of Chile by Pedro Valdivia, and a large part of the book deals with the Mapuche Conflict.</li>

<li>The plot of the 2021 Chilean thriller film "<a href="Immersion_(film)" title="Immersion (film)">Immersion</a>" is a power struggle between a vacationing family and three Mapuche men.</li>

<li>The 2023 film "Sayen" depicts Mapuche villagers resisting an international mining company seeking to exploit cobalt.</li>

<li>In 2024 expansion pack Trial of Allegiance for grand-strategy video game <a href="Hearts_of_Iron_IV" title="Hearts of Iron IV">Hearts of Iron IV</a> the player may play as <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and with respective focus trees, either restore the kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, with recognized Mapuche minority or have Mapuche coup and liberate the Native Americans from both North and South American continents.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní people</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Flag of the Mapuches</a></li>

<li><a href="Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Guñelve</a></li>

<li><a href="Wekufe" title="Wekufe">Wekufe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pillan" title="Pillan">Pillan</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Note that <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> with its large population is not included in this estimate.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> These "cities" were often no more than forts.<a href="#cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-25">[24]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125192929/https://resultados.censo2017.cl/">"2017 Census"</a>. Censo2017.cl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resultados.censo2017.cl/">the original</a> on 2019-01-25. Retrieved 2019-03-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Censo_2022-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Censo_2022_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-Tema-2-41-165">"Censo 2022"</a> [Census 2022]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, República Argentina. INDEC. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Mapuche" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Mapuche">"Mapuche"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Araucanian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Araucanian">"Araucanian"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326014014/http://www.mapuche.info/azkin/az_domingo13.pdf">"AZ Domingo 17 de Febrero de 2008"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapuche.info/azkin/az_domingo13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2013-09-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3286.html">"La Araucana"</a>. Memoria Chilena. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-serindigena-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-serindigena_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-serindigena_7-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105150802/http://www.serindigena.cl/territorios/recursos/biblioteca/monografias/lenguas/monografia_lenguas_mapuche2.htm">"Mapuche o Araucano"</a>. Ser Indígenas (in Spanish). O.N.G. Comunidad Ser Indígena. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serindigena.cl/territorios/recursos/biblioteca/monografias/lenguas/monografia_lenguas_mapuche2.htm">the original</a> on 2006-11-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRocha2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rocha, Sergio Zúñiga (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107232547/http://escuela.med.puc.cl/publ/ArsMedica/ArsMedica4/08Zuniga.html">"Algunas aspectos de las costumbres y reseñas del cuidados del niño entre los antiguos Araucanos"</a>. Ars Medica (in Spanish). 4 (4). <a href="Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Católica de Chile">Universidad Católica de Chile</a>: 111–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escuela.med.puc.cl/publ/ArsMedica/ArsMedica4/08Zuniga.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistahistoriaindigena.uchile.cl/index.php/RHI/article/download/40261/41815">"Entrar | Revista de Historia Indígena"</a>. www.revistahistoriaindigena.uchile.cl. Retrieved 2025-06-29.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-100855.html">"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-100855.html">"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011741/http://turismoculturalmapuche.com/en/mapuche-culture/">"Mapuche territorial identities of Araucania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turismoculturalmapuche.com/en/mapuche-culture/">the original</a> on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bengoaorigen-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoaorigen_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoaorigen_13-1">b</a> <a href="Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">Bengoa</a> 2000, pp. 16–19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rey2013-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rey2013_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rey2013_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFReyParga-LozanoMoscosoAreces2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rey, Diego; Parga-Lozano, Carlos; Moscoso, Juan; Areces, Cristina; Enriquez-de-Salamanca, Mercedes; Fernández-Honrado, Mercedes; Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil, Sedeka; Alonso-Rubio, Javier; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2013). "HLA genetic profile of Mapuche (Araucanian) Amerindians from Chile". <a href="Molecular_Biology_Reports" title="Molecular Biology Reports">Molecular Biology Reports</a>. 40 (7): 4257–4267. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11033-013-2509-3">10.1007/s11033-013-2509-3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23666052">23666052</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14709971">14709971</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo37-38-15"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo37-38_15-0">^</a> Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dillehay1988-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillehay1988_16-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDillehayGordon1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Dillehay, T.</a>; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 183–196.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo40-17"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo40_17-0">^</a> Bengoa 2003, p. 40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oteropop-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Oteropop_18-0">^</a> Otero 2006, p. 36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo157-19"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo157_19-0">^</a> Bengoa 2003, p. 157.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-villalobos91-93-21"><a href="#cite_ref-villalobos91-93_21-0">^</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 91–93.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-villalobos96-97-22"><a href="#cite_ref-villalobos96-97_22-0">^</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 96–97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo250-251-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo250-251_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo250-251_23-1">b</a> Bengoa 2003, pp. 250–251.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-villalobos98-99-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-villalobos98-99_24-2">c</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 98–99.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_25-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-691.html">"La Guerra de Arauco (1550–1656)"</a>. Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). <a href="Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a>. Retrieved January 30, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo252-253_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo252-253_27-1">b</a> Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVivar" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Vivar" title="Jerónimo de Vivar">Vivar, Jerónimo de</a>. "CXVI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428171505/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10876.htm">Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10876.htm">the original</a> on April 28, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2009. <q>...ayer mataron al apo y todos los cristianos que con él venían, que no escapó ninguno, y todos los yanaconas de servicio, si no eran los que se habían escondido</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dillehay2007p335-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillehay2007p335_29-0">^</a> Dillehay 2007, p. 335.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo320-321-30"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo320-321_30-0">^</a> Bengoa 2003, pp. 320–321.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Villaloboes109-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villaloboes109_31-1">b</a> Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 109.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo324-325-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo324-325_32-0">^</a> Bengoa 2003, pp. 324–325.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBodley2008" class="citation book cs1">Bodley, John (2008). Victims of Progress. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7591-1148-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MemCHLfuertebulnes-34"><a href="#cite_ref-MemCHLfuertebulnes_34-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-714.html">"El fuerte Bulnes"</a>. Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). <a href="Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a>. Retrieved January 3, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVillalobos_R.Silva_G.Silva_V.Estelle_M.1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Villalobos R., Sergio</a>; <a href="Osvaldo_Silva" title="Osvaldo Silva">Silva G., Osvaldo</a>; Silva V., Fernando; Estelle M., Patricio (1974). Historia de Chile (1995 ed.). <a href="Editorial_Universitaria" title="Editorial Universitaria">Editorial Universitaria</a>. pp. 456–458, 571–575. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>956-11-1163-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MemCHLRapanui-36"><a href="#cite_ref-MemCHLRapanui_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-94620.html">"Incorporándola al territorio chileno"</a>. Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). <a href="Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a>. Retrieved January 3, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PintoR194-37"><a href="#cite_ref-PintoR194_37-0">^</a> Pinto 2003, p. 153.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bengoa156-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa156_38-0">^</a> Bengoa 2000, p. 156.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bengoa275-276-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_39-0">^</a> Bengoa 2000, pp. 275–276.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ferrando547-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrando547_40-0">^</a> Ferrando 1986, p. 547

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bengoa277-278-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_41-0">^</a> Bengoa 2000, pp. 277–278.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bengoa232-233-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa232-233_42-0">^</a> Bengoa 2000, pp. 232–233.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PintoR205-43"><a href="#cite_ref-PintoR205_43-0">^</a> Pinto 2003, p. 205.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Angol-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Angol_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-92187.html">"Angol"</a>. Memoria Chilena. Retrieved December 14, 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-781.html">"El pueblo Mapuche"</a>. Memoria Chilena. Retrieved December 14, 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Bengoa262-263-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa262-263_53-0">^</a> Bengoa 2000, pp. 262–263.

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r26635.pdf">"Autonomy in Debate: Indigenous Self-Government and the Plurinational State in Latin America"</a> (PDF). FLACSO. 2010. p. 30. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMariman,_José1995" class="citation web cs1">Mariman, José (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapuche.info/mapuint/jmar2.htm">"The Mapuche Organization Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam"</a>. Denver, United States: Mapuche Info. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Unnamed1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Unnamed1_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCano_Christiny2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cano Christiny, Daniel (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-71942011000100009">"Martín Correa and Eduardo Mella, The Reasons for "illkun"/Anger: Memory, Dispossession, and Criminalization in the Mapuche Territory of Malleco"</a>. Historia (Santiago). 44 (1): 203–205. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-71942011000100009">10.4067/S0717-71942011000100009</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0717-7194">0717-7194</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEspinoza_ArayaMella_Abalos,_Magaly2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Espinoza Araya, Claudio; Mella Abalos, Magaly (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotecadigital.academia.cl/xmlui/handle/123456789/6238">"Military Dictatorship and the Mapuche Movement"</a>. Pacarina del Sur, Revista de Pensamiento Crítico Latinoamericano (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJ.A._Moens1999" class="citation web cs1">J.A. Moens (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapuche.nl/doc/moens9908.pdf">"Mapuche Poetry: Expressions of Identity"</a> (PDF). University of Utrecht. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-T13-59"><a href="#cite_ref-T13_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/wallmapu-historiador-chileno-termino-no-proviene-cultura-ancestral-mapuche-31-03-2022">""Wallmapu": Historiador chileno afirma que término "no proviene de la cultura ancestral mapuche""</a>. T13. March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315143939/https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00638/WEB/PDF/4_CHILE.PDF">"NUESTRO PUEBLO HUILLICHE DE LA TIERRA QUIERE SEGUIR SIENDO DE LA TIERRA"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Chile: Consejo General de Caciques de Chiloé. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00638/WEB/PDF/4_CHILE.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-P23-61"><a href="#cite_ref-P23_61-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCaniuqueo,_SergioMariman,_PabloLevil,_RodrigoMillalen,_José2013" class="citation book cs1">Caniuqueo, Sergio; Mariman, Pablo; Levil, Rodrigo; Millalen, José (2013). Rebellion in Wallmapu: Resistance of the Mapuche Nation-People. Santiago, Chile: We Still Believe in Dreams.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20a-62"><a href="#cite_ref-20a_62-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReyesPalomeraZamorano2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reyes, C.; Palomera, F.; Zamorano, C. (March 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/noticia/los-20-anos-del-conflicto-la-araucania-viene-ahora/#">"Los 20 años del conflicto en La Araucanía: ¿Qué viene ahora?"</a>. La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928044705/http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20051111/pags/20051111124708.html">"Redireccionando"</a>. Cooperativa.cl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20051111/pags/20051111124708.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speroforum.com/a/20549/Mapuche-struggle-for-autonomy-in-Chile">"Mapuche struggle for autonomy in Chile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112944/https://www.speroforum.com/a/20549/Mapuche-struggle-for-autonomy-in-Chile">Archived</a> 2019-06-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spero Forum

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/mapuche-hunger-strike-in-chile-highlights-the-real-problem-facing-president-sebastian-pinera/">"Mapuche hunger strike in Chile highlights the real problem facing President Sebastian Pinera"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129160347/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/mapuche-hunger-strike-in-chile-highlights-the-real-problem-facing-president-sebastian-pinera/">Archived</a> 2014-11-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sounds and colors website

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Independent_2019-11-11-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_2019-11-11_66-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZinevich2019" class="citation news cs1">Zinevich, Benjamin (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/chile-protests-army-israel-palestine-santiago-pinera-pinochet-mapuche-a9167021.html">"You've heard about the violence in Chile. You probably haven't about their relationship with Israel's army"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 3 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CamaraCAM2022-67"><a href="#cite_ref-CamaraCAM2022_67-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camara.cl/verDoc.aspx?prmId=7159&prmTipo=RESOLUCION">"Proyecto de Resolución N° 128"</a> (in Spanish).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CooperativaCAM2022-68"><a href="#cite_ref-CooperativaCAM2022_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/regiones/zona-sur/camara-baja-declaro-a-la-cam-y-otros-tres-grupos-radicales-como/2022-05-31/213626.html">"Cámara de Diputados declara a la CAM y otras tres organizaciones radicales como "asociaciones ilícitas de carácter terrorista""</a> (in Spanish). Cooperativa. May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LTCAM2022-69"><a href="#cite_ref-LTCAM2022_69-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFS2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S, Rodrigo Gómez (June 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/camara-de-diputados-declara-a-la-cam-y-otras-tres-organizaciones-radicales-como-asociaciones-ilicitas-de-caracter-terrorista/RZYPRDJ6QJEORBWNIYHQMZDI6E/">"Cámara Baja declaró a la CAM y otros tres grupos radicales como asociaciones terroristas"</a>. La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved June 3, 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-batimes-70"><a href="#cite_ref-batimes_70-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/mapuche-group-files-lawsuit-against-multinationals-over-pollution-from-vaca-muerta.phtml">"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta"</a>. Buenos Aires Times. pp. 2018–12–22. Retrieved 2022-06-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="Dillehay%2C_Tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillehay, Tom">Dillehay, Tom</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521872621&ss=fro">Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives</a> (Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Pedro Mariño de Lobera, in Crónica del Reino de Chile, ch. XXXI and XXXIII, mentions copper points on the Mapuche pikes in the <a href="Battle_of_Andalien" title="Battle of Andalien">Battle of Andalien</a> and <a href="Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Battle of Penco</a>.

Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru, from around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The Mapuche may have learned copper metal working from their prior interaction with the Inca Empire or prior Peruvian cultures, or it may have been a native craft that developed independently in the region (copper being common in Chile).

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<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHurtado_Cubillos2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hurtado Cubillos, Luz Marcela (2009). "La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile". Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica (in Spanish). 13: 31–42.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Ngenechen, and Don Armando Marileo

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<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2004" class="citation book cs1">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (2004). Mariko Namba Walter, Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA419">Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57607-645-3</bdi>. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2007" class="citation book cs1">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8aolrvQetoC&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA47">Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche</a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 46–47. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-292-71659-9</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAladama2003" class="citation book cs1">Aladama, Arturo J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCH6zsDB5mkC&q=mapuche+boy+1960&pg=PA326">Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 326. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-253-21559-8</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Brugnoli y Hoces de la Guardia, 1995; Alvarado, 2002

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wilson-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_79-1">b</a> Wilson, 1992; Mendez, 2009a.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Garavaglia, 1986; Palermo, 1994; Mendez, 2009b.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Méndez, 2009b.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wilson, 1992; Alvarado, 2002; Mendez, 2009a.

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<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJesuitas2009" class="citation web cs1">Jesuitas, Misión Mapuche- (2009-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiruasj.blogspot.com/2009/05/noticias-de-mayo.html">"Misión Jesuita Mapuche: Noticias de Mayo..."</a> Misión Jesuita Mapuche. Retrieved 2017-04-14.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesauroregional.cl/trp/tesauro/default.asp?a=338&Element_ID=400">Several types of clavas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224904/http://www.tesauroregional.cl/trp/tesauro/default.asp?a=338&Element_ID=400">Archived</a> 2014-03-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tesauro Regional Patrimonial, Chile

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<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chileprecolombino.cl/coleccion/clava-cefalomorfa/">Image of clava cefalomorfa</a> Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Aldunate-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_86-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFAldunate1984" class="citation journal cs1">Aldunate, Carlos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7770%2Fcuhso-v1n1-art129">"Refrexiones acerca de la platería mapuche"</a>. CUHSO. 1: 1–19. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7770%2Fcuhso-v1n1-art129">10.7770/cuhso-v1n1-art129</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kangiser-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_87-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKangiser_Gómez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kangiser Gómez, María Fernanda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234953/http://www.museodevalparaiso.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_27.pdf">"Conservación en platería mapuche: Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar"</a> (PDF). Conserva. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodevalparaiso.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura25-26-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_88-1">b</a> Painecura 2012, pp. 25–26.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Painecura27-28-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_89-1">b</a> Painecura 2012, pp. 27–28.

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura30-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Painecura30_90-0">^</a> Painecura 2012, p. 30.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carrasco-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrasco_91-2">c</a> Carrasco, I. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0071-17132000003500009">"Mapuche poets in Chilean literature"</a>, <a href="Estudios_Filol%C3%B3gicos" title="Estudios Filológicos">Estudios Filológicos</a>, 35, 139–149.

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<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 111–114

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<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. "The Struggle for Mapuche Shamans' Masculinity: Colonial Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Southern Chile". Ethnohistory, vol. 51, no. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 489–533. EBSCOhost.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Vilaça, Aparecida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cunygc/detail.action?docID=438515">"The Re-Invention of Mapuche Male Shamans as Catholic Priests: Legitimizing Indigenous Co-Gender Identities in Modern Chile"</a>. In Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, edited by Robin M. Wright, Taylor and Francis, 2009, pp 89–108. ProQuest Ebook Central.

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<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán. Cautiverio felíz y razón de las guerras dilatadas de Chile. Santiago: Imprenta el Ferrocarril, 1863.

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<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDonovan2007" class="citation web cs1">Donovan, Patricia (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315193258/http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archives/vol38/vol38n24/articles/BacigalupoShamens.html">"The gendered realm of the foye tree"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archives/vol38/vol38n24/articles/BacigalupoShamens.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2021-01-03.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 87

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<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 131–133

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<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBacigalupo2007" class="citation book cs1">Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230045035/https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bacsha">Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-292-71659-9</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bacsha">the original</a> on 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2021-01-03.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ericka Beckman, Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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<li id="cite_note-Lenton2020-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2020_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2020_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2020_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2020_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2020_116-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFLenton2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lenton, Diana (August 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodal.am/2020/08/la-nacion-mapuche-no-es-argentina-ni-chilena-por-diana-lenton-especial-para-nodal/">"La nación mapuche no es argentina ni chilena"</a>. Nodal (in Spanish). Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPorcel2017" class="citation report cs1">Porcel, Roberto E. (2017-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/FILES/14-%20PORCEL-comp.pdf">Los mapuches en nuestro territorio – historia y actualidad</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2021-01-05.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Alvarado, Margarita (2002) "El esplendor del adorno: El poncho y el chanuntuku” En: Hijos del Viento, Arte de los Pueblos del Sur, Siglo XIX. Buenos Aires: Fundación PROA.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBengoa2000" class="citation book cs1">Bengoa, José (2000). Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX (7th ed.). <a href="LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>956-282-232-X</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Brugnoli, Paulina y Hoces de la Guardia, Soledad (1995). "Estudio de fragmentos del sitio Alboyanco". En: Hombre y Desierto, una perspectiva cultural, 9: 375–381.</li>

<li>Corcuera, Ruth (1987). Herencia textil andina. Buenos Aires: Impresores SCA.</li>

<li>Corcuera, Ruth (1998). Ponchos de las Tierras del Plata. Buenos Aires: Fondo Nacional de las Artes.</li>

<li>Chertudi, Susana y Nardi, Ricardo (1961). "Tejidos Araucanos de la Argentina". En: Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas, 2: 97–182.</li>

<li>Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (1986). “Los textiles de la tierra en el contexto colonial rioplatense: ¿una revolución industrial fallida?”. En: Anuario IEHS, 1:45–87.</li>

<li>Joseph, Claude (1931). Los tejidos Araucanos. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta San Francisco, Padre Las Casas.</li>

<li>Kradolfer, Sabine, Quand la parenté impose, le don dispose. Organisation sociale, don et identité dans les communautés mapuche de la province de Neuquén (Argentine) (Bern etc., Peter Lang, 2011) (Publications Universitaires Européennes. Série 19 B: Ethnologie-générale, 71).</li>

<li>Mendez, Patricia (2009a). “Herencia textil, identidad indígena y recursos económicos en la Patagonia Argentina”. En: Revista de la Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, 4, 1:11–53.</li>

<li>Méndez, Patricia (2009b). “Los tejidos indígenas en la Patagonia Argentina: cuatro siglos de comercio textilI”. En: Anuario Indiana, 26: 233–265.</li>

<li>Millán de Palavecino, María Delia (1960). “Vestimenta Argentina”. En: Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas, 1: 95–127.</li>

<li>Murra, John (1975). Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.</li>

<li>Nardi, Ricardo y Rolandi, Diana (1978). 1000 años de tejido en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Cultura y Educación, Secretaría de Estado de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPainecura_Antinao2012" class="citation book cs1">Painecura Antinao, Juan (2012). Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche.</cite></li>

<li>Palermo, Miguel Angel (1994). "Economía y mujer en el sur argentino". En: Memoria Americana 3: 63–90.</li>

<li>Wilson, Angélica (1992). Arte de Mujeres. Santiago de Chile: Ed. CEDEM, Colección Artes y Oficios Nº 3.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/reviews/jose-cooke/">Nicholas Jose Reviews Speaking the Earth’s Languages: A Theory for Australian-Chilean Postcolonial Poetics</a>': Cordite Poetry Review, 2014</li>

<li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/translations/a-bilingual-conversation-in-four-poems/">Fogarty & Garrido: A Bilingual Conversation between Four Poems</a>': Cordite Poetry Review, 2012</li>

<li>'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/translations/trilingual-visibility-in-our-transpacific/">Trilingual Visibility in Our Transpacific: Three Mapuche Poets</a>': Cordite Poetry Review, 2012</li>

<li>Language of the Land : The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwgia.org/sw21526.asp">IWGIA – International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a>, 2007, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-87-91563-37-9</bdi></li>

<li>When a flower is reborn : The Life and Times of a Mapuche Feminist, 2002, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8223-2934-4</bdi></li>

<li>Courage Tastes of Blood : The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8223-3585-9</bdi></li>

<li>Neoliberal Economics, Democratic Transition, and Mapuche Demands for Rights in Chile, 2006, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8130-2938-4</bdi></li>

<li>Shamans of the Foye Tree : Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche, 2007, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-292-71658-2</bdi></li>

<li>A Grammar of Mapuche, 2007, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-019558-3</bdi></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610101202/http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html">"Mapuche Dreamwork"</a>. Clas.berkeley.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-10.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBandelier1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bandelier, Adolph Francis (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01679b.htm">"Araucanians"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite></li>

<li>Eim, Stefan (2010). The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile (1545–1787): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf">http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf</a>.</li>

<li>Faron, Louis (1961). Mapuche Social Structure, Illinois Studies in Anthropology (Urbana: University of Illinois Press).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapuche-nation.org">Mapuche International Link official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapuche-nation.org/english/main/feature/m_nation.htm">Mapuche-nation.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~rehue/">Rehue Foundation in Netherland</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/mapulink3/mapulink-3i/mapu-nation.html">Mapulink website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901183456/http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50030">Mapuche Health</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.araucania.org">Website of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Mapuche181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapudungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun language">Mapudungun</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mapudungun_placenames" title="List of Mapudungun placenames">Placenames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tsesung%C3%BAn_dialect" title="Tsesungún dialect">Tsesungún</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aillarehue" title="Aillarehue">Aillarehue</a></li>

<li><a href="Butalmapu" title="Butalmapu">Butalmapu</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">Chemamull</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonko" title="Lonko">Lonko</a></li>

<li><a href="Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_military" title="Mapuche military">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygamy_in_Mapuche_culture" title="Polygamy in Mapuche culture">Polygamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehue" title="Rehue">Rehue</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Rüxafe (silverwork)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Textiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulmen_(Mapuche)" title="Ulmen (Mapuche)">Ulmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Wampu" title="Wampu">Wampu</a></li>

<li><a href="Weichafe" title="Weichafe">Weichafe</a></li>

<li><a href="Werk%C3%A9n" title="Werkén">Werkén</a></li>

<li><a href="We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Wenufoye</a></li>

<li><a href="Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Wünelfe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boroanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroanos">Boroanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cuncos</a></li>

<li><a href="Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapochoes">Mapochoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li>

<li><a href="Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li>

<li><a href="Promaucaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promaucaes">Promaucaes</a></li>

<li><a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li>

<li><a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">Malón</a></li>

<li><a href="Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization of Patagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">1723 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">1766 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerra_a_muerte" title="Guerra a muerte">Guerra a muerte</a></li>

<li><a href="Camino_de_los_chilenos" title="Camino de los chilenos">Camino de los chilenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">1881 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parliaments11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Paicaví (1612)</li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">Quillín (1641)</a></li>

<li>Quillín (1647)</li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Boroa" title="Parliament of Boroa">Boroa (1651)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Malloco" title="Parliament of Malloco">Malloco (1671)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Negrete_(1726)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1726)">Negrete (1726)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Negrete_(1793)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1793)">Negrete (1793)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Las_Canoas" title="Parliament of Las Canoas">Las Canoas (1793)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Tapihue_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tapihue (1825)">Tapihue (1825)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Toltén (1869)</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Argentina223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ethnic_groups_of_Argentina" title="Ethnic groups of Argentina">Ancestry and ethnicity in Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ancestral background of <a href="Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentine citizens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angolan_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan Argentine">Angolan</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Verdean_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Argentine">Cape Verdean</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_senegalesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración senegalesa en Argentina">Senegalese</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_Argentines" title="South African Argentines">South African</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abip%C3%B3n_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abipón people">Abipón</a></li>

<li><a href="Chan%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chané people">Chané</a></li>

<li><a href="Capay%C3%A1n" title="Capayán">Capayán</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li>

<li><a href="Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a></li>

<li><a href="Huarpe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huarpe people">Huarpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Qulla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla people">Kolla</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocov%C3%AD" title="Mocoví">Mocoví</a></li>

<li><a href="Nivacl%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivaclé people">Nivaclé</a></li>

<li><a href="Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li>

<li><a href="Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a></li>

<li><a href="Quilme_people" title="Quilme people">Quilme</a></li>

<li><a href="Selk%CA%BCnam_people" title="Selkʼnam people">Selkʼnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li>

<li><a href="Teushen" title="Teushen">Teushen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Americans_in_Argentina" title="Americans in Argentina">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolivian_Argentines" title="Bolivian Argentines">Bolivian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_brasile%C3%B1a_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración brasileña en Argentina">Brazilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombian_Argentines" title="Colombian Argentines">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilean_Argentines" title="Chilean Argentines">Chilean</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Argentines" title="Dominican Argentines">Dominican</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_mexicana_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración mexicana en Argentina">Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraguayan_Argentines" title="Paraguayan Argentines">Paraguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Argentines" title="Peruvian Argentines">Peruvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguayans_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayans in Argentina">Uruguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Venezuelan_Argentines" title="Venezuelan Argentines">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Asian_Argentines" title="Asian Argentines">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lebanese_Argentines" title="Lebanese Argentines">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">Syrian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Indians_in_Argentina" title="Indians in Argentina">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_israel%C3%AD_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración israelí en Argentina">Israeli</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Argentines" title="Japanese Argentines">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreans_in_Argentina" title="Koreans in Argentina">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_gitana_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración gitana en Argentina">Roma (Gypsy)</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_taiwanesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración taiwanesa en Argentina">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Argentines" title="Turkish Argentines">Turkish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religious beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mennonites_in_Argentina" title="Mennonites in Argentina">Mennonite</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Jewish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By region and country</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Austrian_Argentines" title="Austrian Argentines">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechs_in_Argentina" title="Czechs in Argentina">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Argentine">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Argentines" title="Hungarian Argentines">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Argentine">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovene_Argentines" title="Slovene Argentines">Slovene</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Argentines" title="Swiss Argentines">Swiss</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_Argentines" title="Belarusian Argentines">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Argentines" title="Russian Argentines">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Argentines" title="Ukrainian Argentines">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Baltic

<ul><li><a href="Estonian_Argentines" title="Estonian Argentines">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Argentine">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Argentines" title="Lithuanian Argentines">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Nordic

<ul><li><a href="Danish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Argentine">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Argentine">Finnish</a></li>

<li>Icelandic</li>

<li>Norwegian</li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Argentine">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_albanesa_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración albanesa en Argentina">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_Argentina" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en Argentina">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_Argentines" title="Croatian Argentines">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Argentines" title="Greek Argentines">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Argentine">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Montenegrin_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Argentine">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Argentine">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Argentines_of_Serb_descent" title="Argentines of Serb descent">Serbian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iberic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberic">Iberic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_immigration_to_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Argentina">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Argentine">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian</a></li>

<li>Maltese</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Belgian</li>

<li>British

<ul><li><a href="English_Argentines" title="English Argentines">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Argentine">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Argentine">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Argentine">Irish</a></li>

<li>Luxembourgian</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">All</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">European immigration to Argentina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Chile112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chileans" title="Chileans">Ancestry and ethnicity in Chile</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indigenous_peoples112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Araucanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cunco</a></li>

<li><a href="Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li>

<li><a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li>

<li><a href="Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li>

<li><a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li>

<li><a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aimara</a></li>

<li><a href="Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li>

<li><a href="Alacaluf_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alacaluf people">Kaweshkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a></li>

<li><a href="Qulla" title="Qulla">Qulla</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapanui</a></li>

<li><a href="Selk%CA%BCnam_people" title="Selkʼnam people">Selkʼnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan people">Yaghan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Immigration112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_austr%C3%ADaca_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración austríaca en Chile">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_Chileans" title="Basque Chileans">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belga_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración belga en Chile">Belgian</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Chileans" title="British Chileans">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="English_Chileans" title="English Chileans">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Chileans" title="Scottish Chileans">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_Chileans" title="Welsh Chileans">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_Chileans" title="Croatian Chileans">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_checa_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración checa en Chile">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Chileans" title="Dutch Chileans">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Chileans" title="French Chileans">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Greeks_in_Chile" title="Greeks in Chile">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarians_in_Chile" title="Hungarians in Chile">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Chileans" title="Irish Chileans">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Chileans" title="Italian Chileans">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Chileans" title="Polish Chileans">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Chileans" title="Russian Chileans">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Chileans" title="Spanish Chileans">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Chileans" title="Swiss Chileans">Swiss</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">African</a></li>

<li><a href="Americans_and_Canadians_in_Chile" title="Americans and Canadians in Chile">Americans & Canadians</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Lebanese_Chileans" title="Lebanese Chileans">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinians_in_Chile" title="Palestinians in Chile">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Argentines_in_Chile" title="Argentines in Chile">Argentines</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_armenia_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración armenia en Chile">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_boliviana_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración boliviana en Chile">Bolivian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_brasile%C3%B1a_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración brasileña en Chile">Brazilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_colombiana_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración colombiana en Chile">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en Chile">Dominican</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_filipina_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración filipina en Chile">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Haitian_Chileans" title="Haitian Chileans">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indians_in_Chile" title="Indians in Chile">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Chileans" title="Japanese Chileans">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreans_in_Chile" title="Koreans in Chile">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_immigration_to_Chile" title="Mexican immigration to Chile">Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_paraguaya_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración paraguaya en Chile">Paraguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvians_in_Chile" title="Peruvians in Chile">Peruvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_diaspora#Chile" title="Romani diaspora">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguayan_Chileans" title="Uruguayan Chileans">Uruguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_venezolana_en_Chile" class="extiw external" title="es:Inmigración venezolana en Chile">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Category:Ethnic groups in Chile</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4100130-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006433">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123824900">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123824900">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph351298&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4576682">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294840305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03288107X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/62f4f29d-4831-447b-b7c4-e6921701e134">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mapuche&oldid=1304004267">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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